Kasaysayan ning Panyulung ning Industriya ning Balbula ning Tsina (2)

Ing mumunang yugtu ning industriya ning balbula (1949-1959)

01Mag-organisa para sumuyu king pamagbalik ning pambansang ekonomiya

Ing panaun manibat 1949 anggang 1952 ya ing panaun ning pamagbalik ning pambansang ekonomiya ning kanakung bansa. Uling keng pamangailangan ning ekonomiya, ing bansa mangailangan yang maragul a bilang da rengbalbula, ali mumababang presyur a balbula, pero atin mu namang batch da reng matas ampo katamtaman a pressure a balbula na e pa megawa kanitang panaun a ita. Nung makananu yang i-organisa ing pamaglalang balbula para akit ing mabilis a pamangailangan ning bansa metung yang mabayat at masakit a obra.

1. Gabayan at suportan ing produksyun

Agpang keng patakaran ning “pamanyulung ning produksyun, pamagpaunlad king ekonomiya, pamagkonsidera king publiko at pribadu, at makinabang king obra at kapital”, ing gubyernu ning memalen tanggapan ne ing paralan ning pamagprosesu at pamag-order, at masikan yang susuporta kareng pribadung katamtaman at mangalating negosyu ban mibuklat lang pasibayu at makagawa lang balbula. King bisperas ning pangatatag ning Republika ning Balen ning Tsina, ing Shenyang Chengfa Iron Factory mesira ne ing kayang negosyu pauli ning maragul nang utang at alang palengki para kareng kayang produktu, at 7 lang magobra a mitagan a magbante king pabrika, at misali yang 14 a kasangkapan a makina ba yang manten ing gastusan. Kaibat ning pangatatag ning Bayung Tsina, king saup ning gubyernu da reng memalen, ing pabrika migbalik ya king produksyun, at ing bilang da reng magobra kanitang banuang ita meragdagan ibat king 7 anggang 96 inyang megumpisa ya. Kaybat, tinggap ne ning pabrika ing pamagprosesu kareng materyales ibat king Shenyang Hardware Machinery Company, at ing produksyun mika bayung itsura. Ing bilang da reng empleyadu miras yang 329, a maki annual output a 610 sets da reng miyayaliwang balbula, a maki output value a 830,000 yuan. King pareung panaun king Shanghai, e mu kabud ding pribadung negosyung mekapagproduce balbula ing mibuklat, nune king pamagbawi ning pambansang ekonomiya, dakal lang pribadung malating negosyu ing mibuklat o migbayu king pamaglalang balbula, a meging sangkan nung bakit mabilis yang mipalapad ing organisasyun ning Construction Hardware Association kanitang panaun a ita.

2. Misanmetung a pamamili at pamanyali, pamag-organisa king pamaglalang balbula

Uling dakal lang pribadung negosyu ing maging valve production, ing orihinal a Shanghai Construction Hardware Association e na agyung tuparan ing requirements ning development. Inyang 1951, ding Shanghai valve manufacturers mitatag lang 6 joint ventures para gawan ing pamagprosesu ampo pamag-order kareng obra ning Shanghai Purchasing Supply Station ning China Hardware Machinery Company, ampo magpatupad lang metung a pamamili ampo pamanyali. Alimbawa, ing Daxin Iron Works, na gagawang maragul a nominal size a low-pressure valves, ampo ing Yuanda, Zhongxin, Jinlong ampo Lianggong Machinery Factory, na gagawang high- ampo medium-pressure valves, suportan de ngan ning Shanghai Municipal Bureau of Public Utilities, ing Ministry of East and Central Industry of China. King lalam ning tuntunan ning Petroleum Administration ning Ministry of Industry, ding direktang order mipatupad la, at kaybat mibalik la king pamagprosesu kareng order. Ing gubyernu ning balen sinaup ya kareng pribadung negosyu para alampasan ing kasakitan keng produksyun ampo pamanyali kapamilatan ning pamisanmetung a patakaran ning pamamili ampo pamanyali, keng mumuna binayu ne ing anarkiya ning ekonomiya da reng pribadung negosyu, ampo pepasanting ne ing sigasig keng produksyun da reng makibandi keng negosyu ampo reng magobra, na sobrang makaatras keng teknolohiya, kasangkapan ampo kundisyun ning pabrika. deng negosyu antimo reng planta ning kuryenti, planta ning bakal ampo oil fields para ibalik ing produksyun.

3. Panyulung para keng pamagbalik ning pambansang serbisyung panggawa king ekonomiya

keng mumunang limang banuang planu, ing estado mekilala yang 156 a susi a proyektung konstruksyun, nung nukarin ing pamagbalik ning Yumen Oil Field ampo ing produksyun ning Anshan Iron and Steel Company adwa lang maragul a proyektu. Para mibalik ing produksyun keng Yumen Oilfield keng lalung malapit a panaun, ing Petroleum Administration Bureau ning Ministry of Fuel Industry inayus ne ing produksyun da reng petroleum machinery parts keng Shanghai. Ing Shanghai Jinlong Hardware Factory ampo reng aliwa ginawa lang obra ning pamag-trial-produce kareng batch da reng medium-pressure steel valves. Malyari mung isipan ing kasakitan ning pamag-trial-produce kareng medium-pressure valves kareng malating pabrika a maki workshop. Deng mapilan a uri malyari lang tularan agpang kareng sample a binie da reng gagamit, at deng tutung bage ma-survey la at ma-mapa la. Uling e ya sapat ing kalidad da reng steel castings, ing orihinal a cast steel valve body kailangan yang palitan para maging forgings. Kanita, ala pang drilling die para keng oblique hole processing ning globe valve body, inya malyari ya mung i-drill gamit ing gamat, at kaybat i-correct ne ning fitter. Kaybat ming linaban kareng dakal a kasakitan, migtagumpe kami keng pamagsubuk keng NPS3/8 ~ NPS2 medium-pressure steel gate valves ampo globe valves, na tinggap da reng gagamit. keng kaduang kapitna ning 1952, ing Shanghai Yuanta, Zhongxin, Weiye, Lianggong ampo reng aliwang pabrika ginawa lang trial production ampo mass production da reng cast steel valves para keng petrolyo. Kanita, ginamit la reng Soviet designs ampo standards, ampo deng technician magaral la kapamilatan ning pamagobra, ampo linaban la kareng dakal a kasakitan keng pamaglalang. Ing trial production da reng Shanghai cast steel valves me-organisa ya keng Ministry of Petroleum, ampo tinggap na ing kooperasyun da reng miyayaliwang pabrika keng Shanghai. Ing Asia Factory (ngeni Shanghai Machine Repair Factory) dininan nong steel casting na makatupad kareng requirements, ampo ing Sifang Boiler Factory sinaup ya keng pamag-blast. Ing test meging matagumpe ya keng trial production ning cast steel valve prototype, at agad neng inayus ing mass production at peparala ne keng Yumen Oilfield para gamitan keng oras. Kasabe na niti, ing Shenyang Chengfa Iron Works ampo ing Shanghai Daxin Iron Works dininan da la namanbalbula a mababa ing presyonkareng mas maragul a nominal a sukad para kareng planta ning kuryenti, ing Anshan Iron and Steel Company para ibalik ing produksyun ampo ing urban construction.

keng panaun ning pamagbawi ning pambansang ekonomiya, ing industriya ning balbula ning bansa ku mabilis yang miunlad. Inyang 1949, ing valve output 387t ya mu, na miras yang 1015t inyang 1952. Technically, mekagawa yang cast steel valves ampo low-pressure a mangaragul a balbula, na e mu mamye matching valves para keng pamagbawi ning pambansang ekonomiya, nune maglalang yang masanting a pundasyun para keng hinaharap a panyulung ning industriya ning balbula ning Tsina.

02Ing industriya ning balbula megumpisa ya

Inyang 1953, ing bansa ku megumpisa yang mumunang limang banuang planu, at ding sektor ning industriya antimo ing petrolyo, industriya ning kemikal, metalurhiya, kuryenti at uling pepabilis da ing bilis ning panyulung. keng panaun ayni, ing pamangailangan kareng balbula miragdagan ya. Kanita, agyang dakal la reng pribadung malating pabrika a gagawang balbula, mahina ing karelang technical force, luma na la reng karelang kasangkapan, simple la reng karelang pabrika, masyadu lang malati deng karelang timbangan, at masyadu lang kalat-kalat. Para akit ing requirements ning mabilis a panyulung ning pambansang ekonomiya, ing mumunang ministeryu ning industriya ning makinarya (a ausan dang mumunang ministeryu ning makinarya) patuloy yang mag-reorganisa at magbayu kareng orihinal a pribadung negosyu at magpalawak king pamaglalang balbula. At ing parehu, atin yang planu ampo lakbang para gawang backbone ampo key valves. Enterprise, ing industriya ning balbula ning bansa ku megumpisa yang megumpisa.

1. Ing pamagbayu ning industriya ning secondary valve keng Shanghai

Kaybat ning pangatatag ning Bayung Tsina, ing Partidu pepatupad ne ing patakaran ning “pamangamit, pamagbawal at pamagbayu” para king kapitalistang industriya at komersyu.

Atin yang 60 o 70 a malating pabrika ning balbula keng Shanghai. Ing pekamaragul kareng pabrika atin yang 20 anggang 30 katau, at ing pekamalati atin yang mapilan a tau. Agyang deng pabrikang balbula gagawang balbula, ing karelang teknolohiya ampo pamaniakup masyadu lang makabayung, deng kasangkapan ampo gusali ning pabrika simple la, ampo deng paralan ning pamaglalang simpli la. Deng aliwa atin lang metung o adwang simpleng lathes o belt machine tools, ampo atin lang mapilan a crucible furnaces para keng casting, keraklan kareti manual lang gagawan. , alang kapasidad keng pamagdisenyu ampo gamit keng pamagsuri. Ing sitwasyun ayni ali ya ustung para keng modernung produksyun, at e ya malyaring makatupad kareng planung produksyun a kailangan ning estado, at imposibli yang kontrolan ing kalidad da reng produktung balbula. Para kaniti, ing Shanghai Municipal People's Government ginawa yang joint venture kareng valve manufacturers keng Shanghai, ampo mitatag yang Shanghai Pipeline Switches No. 1, No. 2, No. 3, No. 4, No. 5, No. 6 ampo aliwa pang sentrung negosyu. Ing pamisanmetung da reng makatuki, ing sentralisadung pamaniakup king teknolohiya at kalidad, a epektibung misasanmetung king makakalat at magugulu a pamaniakup, inya sa’t maragul ing pamag-mobilize king sigasig da reng keraklan kareng empleyadu bang mitalakad lang sosyalismo, ini ing mumunang maragul a pamagbayu king industriya ning balbula.

Kaybat ning public-private partnership inyang 1956, ing valve industry keng Shanghai dinalan ya keng kaduang adjustment ampo industrial restructuring keng maragul a sukad, ampo ding propesyonal a kumpanya antimo ing Shanghai Construction Hardware Company, Petroleum Machinery Parts Manufacturing Company ampo ing General Machinery Company mitatag la. Ing valve company a minunang makayabe keng construction hardware industry mitatag yang Yuanda, Rongfa, Zhongxin, Weiye, Jinlong, Zhao Yongda, Tongxin, Fuchang, Wang Yingqi, Yunchang, Dehe, Jinfa, ampo Xie agpang keng rehiyon. Atin yang 20 a sentrung pabrika ing Dalian, Yuchang, Deda, atbp. Balang sentrung pabrika atin yang mapilan a satellite a pabrika lalam ning kayang hurisdiksyon. Metung a sanga ning partidu ampo ing grass-roots joint labor union mitatag la keng central plant. Ing gubyernu dininan nong pekakatawan ning publiko ban manimuna king obrang administratibu, at mitatag yang organisasyun ning produksyun, suplay, at pinansyal a negosyu, at bagya-bagya yang mipatupad kareng paralan ning pamaniakup a kalupa da reng negosyung bandi ning estadu. At ing pareung panaun, ing Shenyang area metung ya kareng 21 a malating pabrika keng ChengfaGate ValveKakaluguran. Manibat kanita, ing estado dela ne ing produksyun da reng malati ampo katamtaman a negosyu keng pambansang pamagplanu kapamilatan da reng ahensya ning pamaniakup kareng sablang antas, ampo migplanu ya at mig-organisa keng produksyun da reng balbula. Iti metung yang pamagbayu keng pamamalakad ning produksyun da reng valve enterprises manibat inyang mitatag ya ing New China.

2. Shenyang General Machinery Factory mipalitan ya keng valve production

Kasabe ning pamagbayu kareng valve manufacturers keng Shanghai, ing First Machinery Department piparti ne ing produksyun da reng balang direktang makasuglung a pabrika, at linawe ne ing propesyonal a direksyun ning produksyun da reng direktang makasuglung a pabrika ampo reng mas maragul a lokal a pabrika a bandi ning estadu. Ing Shenyang General Machinery Factory meging yang propesyonal a gagawang balbula. negosyu. Ing minunang pabrika yapin ing bureaucratic capital enterprise mainland office ampo ing Japanese pseudo-industry Dechang factory. Kaybat ning pangatatag ning Bayung Tsina, ing pabrika keraklan gagawang miyayaliwang makinang kasangkapan ampong pipe joints. Inyang 1953, megumpisa yang miglalang makinang pang-dutung. Inyang 1954, inyang atiu yang diretsu lalam ning pamaniakup ning Mumunang Opisina ning Ministry ning Makinaria, atin yang 1,585 a empleyadu ampong 147 a set da reng miyayaliwang makinarya ampong kasangkapan. At atin yang kapasidad a gagawang cast steel, at ing technical force na medyu masikan ya. Manibat 1955, para makayagpang ya keng panyulung ning pambansang planu, malino yang migbayu keng pamaglalang balbula, gewa neng pasibayu ing orihinal a metalworking, assembly, tool, machine repair ampo steel casting workshops, mitalakad yang bayung riveting ampo welding workshop, ampo mitatag yang central laboratory ampo metrological verification station. Deng mapilan a teknisyan mipalitan la ibat keng Shenyang Pump Factory. Inyang 1956, 837t ningmababang presyur a balbulamegawa la, at megumpisa ing mass production da reng high ampo medium pressure valves. Inyang 1959, 4213t da reng balbula ing megawa, kayabe na ing 1291t da reng matas ampong katamtaman a presyur a balbula. Inyang 1962, mipalagyu yang Shenyang High and Medium Pressure Valve Factory at meging metung ya kareng pekamaragul a backbone enterprises keng valve industry.

3. Ing mumunang climax ning pamaglalang balbula

keng mumunang aldo ning pangatatag ning bayung china, ing pamaglalang balbula ning bansa ku mesolve ya kapamilatan ning pamisanmetung ampo laban. keng "Great Leap Forward" a panaun, ing industria ning balbula ning bansa ku menakit yang mumunang climax ning produksyun. Valve output: 387t keng 1949, 8126t keng 1956, 49746t keng 1959, 128.5 besis keng 1949, ampo 6.1 besis keng 1956 inyang mitatag ya ing public-private partnership. Ing pamaglalang kareng high ampo medium a pressure valves megumpisa yang malambat, ampo ing mass production megumpisa ya inyang 1956, a maki annual output a 175t. Inyang 1959, ing output miras yang 1799t, na 10.3 times kesa keng 1956. Ing mabilis a panyulung ning national economic construction ing meging sangkan ning maragul a pamagbayu ning industriya ning balbula. Inyang 1955, ing Shanghai Lianggong Valve Factory matagumpe yang meg trial-produce keng Christmas tree valve para keng Yumen Oilfield; Shanghai Yuanda, Zhongxin, Weiye, Rongfa ampo reng aliwang pabrika ning makina trial-produced lang cast steel, forged steel medium ampo high pressure valves ampo nominal pressure para kareng oil fields ampo fertilizer plants High-pressure fertilizer valves ning PN160 ampo PN320; Ing Shenyang General Machinery Factory ampo ing Suzhou Iron Factory (ing minunang Suzhou Valve Factory) matagumpe lang mig-trial-produce high-pressure valves para keng Jilin Chemical Industry Corporation's fertilizer factory; Ing Shenyang Chengfa Iron Factory matagumpe yang meg trial-produce keng electric gate valve na ating nominal a sukad a DN3000. Iti ing pekamaragul at pekamabayat a balbula king Tsina kanitang panaun a ita; Ing Shenyang General Machinery Factory matagumpe yang meg-trial-produce kareng ultra-high pressure valves a maki nominal a sukad a DN3 ~ DN10 ampo nominal a pressure a PN1500 ~ PN2000 para keng high-pressure polyethylene intermediate test device; Ing Shanghai Daxin Iron Factory gewa ne para keng metallurgical industry Ing high-temperature hot air valve a maki nominal a sukad a DN600 ampo ing flue valve a DN900; Dalian Valve Factory, Wafangdian Valve Factory, atbp. mika mabilis lang panyulung. Ing pamagdakal da reng miyayaliwang uri at dagul da reng balbula ing meging sangkan ning panyulung ning industria da reng balbula. lalu na keng pamangailangan keng konstruksyun ning industriya ning "Great Leap Forward", deng malati ampo katamtaman a pabrika ning balbula linual la keng mabilug a bansa. Inyang 1958, ing pambansang valve production enterprises atin yang halus dinalan, a gagawang maragul a valve production team. Inyang 1958, ing kabilugan a output da reng balbula miras yang 24,163t, metung a pamagtas a 80% kesa keng 1957; keng panaun ayni, ing pamaglalang balbula ning bansa ku atin yang mumunang climax. Makanyan man, pauli ning pamaglunsad da reng gagawang balbula, migdala ya namang serye da reng problema. Alimbawa: ing pamagpursigi mu keng dagul, ali keng kalidad; "gagawan malati at gagawang maragul, lokal a paralan", kakulangan keng kundisyun ning teknolohiya; magdesign kabang gagawan, kulang keng standard a konsepto; kopya at kopya, magdalang kalituhan keng teknikal. Uling kareng karelang miyayaliwang patakaran, atin lang miyayaliwang istilu deng balang metung. Ing terminology da reng balbula ali pare-pareu kareng miyayaliwang lugal, ampo ing nominal pressure ampo ing nominal size series ali pare-pareu. Deng mapilan a pabrika tuturu la kareng pamantayan ning Soviet, deng mapilan tuturu la kareng pamantayan ning Hapon, at deng mapilan tuturu la kareng pamantayan ning American ampong Britania. sobrang kalituhan. keng uri, detalye, sukad ning koneksyun, kaba ning istruktura, kundisyun ning pamagsuri, pamantayan ning pamagsuri, marka ning pintura, pisikal at kemikal, at sukad, atbp. Dakal a kumpanya ing gagamit king single-matching a paralan ning “pamagtuglung king bilang da reng luklukan”, ing kalidad e ya garantisadu, ing output e ya matas, at ing benepisyu king ekonomiya e ya mipabuti. Ing sitwasyun kanita "makalat, magulu, ditak, at mababa", ngana wari, mikalat la reng pabrika ning balbula nukarin man, magulu ing sistema ning pamaniakup, alang metung a technical standards ampo specifications, ampo mababa ing kalidad ning produktu. Para mabaliktad ing sitwasyun ayni, ing estado mebisa yang mag-organisa kareng relevant a tau para magsagawa lang national production survey kenging balbulaindustriya.

4. Ing mumunang pambansang survey keng pamaglalang balbula

Para abalu ing sitwasyun ning pamaglalang balbula, inyang 1958, ing Mumunang at Katlung Bureau ning Mumunang Machinery Department mig-organisa lang metung a pambansang survey king pamaglalang balbula. Ing investigation team minta la kareng 4 a rehiyon ampo 24 a siudad keng Northeast China, North China, East China ampo Central South China para gawan ing komprehensibung pamagimbestiga kareng 90 a pabrika ning balbula. Iti ing mumunang nationalwide valve survey manibat inyang mitatag ya ing People's Republic of China. Kanita, ing survey makatutuk ya kareng gagawang balbula na mas maragul a sukad ampo mas dakal a uri ampo specifications, antimo ing Shenyang General Machinery Factory, Shenyang Chengfa Iron Factory, Suzhou Iron Factory, ampo ing Dalian Valve. Pabrika, Beijing Hardware Material Factory (minuna keng Beijing Valve Factory), Wafangdian Valve Factory, Chongqing Valve Factory, mapilang valve manufacturers keng Shanghai ampo Shanghai Pipeline Switch 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 ampo 6 a pabrika, atbp.

Kapamilatan ning pamagimbestiga, ding peka-problema a atyu keng pamaglalang balbula meyakit la:

1) Ala yang pangkabilugan a pamagplanu at makatuliran a pamikawani da reng obra, a magresulta king paulit-ulit a pamaglalang at makaapektu king kapasidad ning pamaglalang.

2) E la misasanmetung deng pamantayan ning produktu ning balbula, a meging sangkan ning maragul a kasakitan king pamili at pamag-maintain da reng gagamit.

3) Masyadu yang mababa ing basehan ning pamanuknang at pamagsuri, at masakit yang siguraduan ing kalidad da reng produktung balbula at mass production.

Bilang pakibat kareng problemang makatuki, ing grupung pamag-imbestiga mig-forward yang atlung paralan kareng ministries ampo bureaus, kayabe na ing pamagpatibe keng kabilugan a pamagplanu, makatuliran a pamikawani da reng obra, ampo pamag-organisa keng produksyun ampo sales balance; pamagpatibe keng standardization ampo ing physical ampo chemical inspection obra, gagawang unified valve standards; at gagawang experimental a pamanyaliksik. 1. Dininan deng maragul a ulaga iti ding mamuntukan ning 3rd Bureau. mumuna, tinuknang la keng obra ning pamantayan. Tiwala da ing Machinery Manufacturing Technology Research Institute ning Mumunang Ministry of Machinery para i-organisa la reng relevant valve manufacturers para gawan ing ministry-issued pipeline accessories standards, na mipatupad keng industriya kanitang 1961. Para a-guide ing valve design ning balang pabrika, ing institute ginawa ne at gewa ne ing “VV Manual Design”. Ing pipeline accessories standard a pepalwal ning ministry ya ing mumunang batch da reng valve standards keng bansa ku, at ing “Valve Design Manual” ya ing mumunang valve design technical data a tinipun mi, na mika positibong papil keng pamagpaunlad keng design level da reng valve products keng bansa ku. Kapamilatan na niting survey king mabilug a bangsa, ing crux ning panyulung ning industriya ning balbula ning kanakung bansa kilub ning milabas a 10 banua meyakit ya, at ding praktikal at epektibung paralan megawa la ban lubus a milako ing magulung pamagtulad king pamaglalang balbula at kakulangan king pamantayan. Ing teknolohiya ning pamaglalang metung yang maragul a lakbang at megumpisa yang linub king bayung yugtu ning pamagdisenyu king sarili at pamag-organisa king mass production.

03 Buod

Manibat 1949 anggang 1959, ing bansa kubalbulaing industriya mabilis yang mibawi keng kaguluan ning matwang china at megumpisa yang megumpisa; manibat keng pamamintu, pamagtulad angga na keng sariling gawadesign ampo manufacture, manibat keng pamaglalang kareng low pressure valves angga na keng pamaglalang kareng high ampo medium pressure valves, mumuna yang mebuu keng valve manufacturing industry. Makanyan man, pauli ning mabilis a panyulung ning bilis ning pamaglalang, atin muring mapilan a problema. Manibat inyang miyabe ya keng pambansang planu, lalam ning sentralisadung pamaniakup ning Mumunang Ministri ning Makinarya, ing sangkan ning problema meyakit ya kapamilatan ning pamagsiasat at pamanyaliksik, at ding praktikal at epektibung solusyun at paralan mekwa la bang ing pamaglalang balbula makayagpang ya king bilis ning pambansang pamaglalang king ekonomiya, at para king panyulung ning industriya ning balbula. At ing pangatatag da reng organisasyun ning industriya metung yang masanting a pundasyun.